Nature of Poverty Essay Example for Free

Nature of Poverty Essay The idea of neediness can be portrayed from numerous points of view. The undeniable method to clarify neediness is the absence of salary. Be that as it may, in the more profound importance, destitution likewise incorporates the individuals who absence of security, medicinal services, power, and other fundamental necessities. Destitution can be sorted as far as outright neediness and relative neediness. Outright destitution is family unit based measure by salary every year under a measurement created by government which will help the individuals who are poor by giving them cash contingent upon the quantity of individuals in the family on a yearly premise. While, relative neediness center around people’s living with no measurement. For example, if a family has 10 individuals however they have just 3 vehicles, they can be viewed as poor. By the by, there are three regular strategies that utilization to quantify the degree of destitution. The main strategy characterizes destitution as an absence of pay, which can be estimated by World Bank. The total neediness for this case is a cut up point above or beneath the specific measure of salary. However, this strategy has a significant disadvantage. Since it centers exclusively around pay and disregarding other significant factors, for example, social prosperity or the general government assistance of individuals, this technique neglects to give the entire part of destitution. Besides, UNDP measures neediness regarding the absence of ability. It is known as Human Poverty Index that shows the way of life of the individuals in the nation, which are future, life fulfillment, and impression. This strategy give further as well as more extensive methods of estimating and evaluating destitution. It looks pass the pay factor and thinks about the non-money related perspectives, which create the more balanced data and results. In any case, there are a few pundits that this strategy can't really quantify the degree of the poor since insights and numerals can't gauge people’s emotions. It is said that we can't realize how others feel except if we stroll from their point of view, along these lines, so as to get the exact outcome, living with the poor is required. Finally, destitution as a social prohibition is referenced by Robert Chambers about the idea of neediness. Chambers presents the base up hypothesis, which recommends that individuals ought to really work with the provincial poor who absence of capacity to stand up, security, and live with fears. Consequently, the methodology is done to get a top to bottom comprehension of what are the genuine implications of neediness by partner straightforwardly with poor people. By this view, Chambers will in general give subjective strategy while different strategies are quantitative based. Despite the fact that this methodâ provides valuable data of poor people, there are hardly any defects to be thought of. Since the result is for the most part dependent on subjective techniques, for example, verbal correspondence, there is a high propensity that the result will be predisposition. Besides, preview may happen. For instance, the meeting led during the collect season may show signs of improvement result than the real reality. Subsequently, the drawn out picture ought to be considering all together for the result to be more anthological and longitudinal. Another issue is that individuals may not be straightforward, which is called kindness predisposition. Along these lines individuals will just answer what the specialists need to hear and forget about reality. Along these lines, in some cases analysts may solicit them to draw the image from their life, which ends up being a superior method to find the genuine solution. Chambers speaks progressively about powerlessness and detachment of individuals. For instance, the poor can't move to sell the products. Taking everything into account, there are a few different ways to quantify the degree of destitution. Three most regular techniques are the absence of pay, HPI by UNDP (absence of capacity) and social rejection by Robert Chambers. Every technique utilizes distinctive practical and variables to demonstrate the degree of destitution, all have their own favorable circumstances and reactions. In this manner, every one is reasonable and proper in various circumstances and purposes. Notwithstanding, as I would like to think, despite the fact that, the absence of pay strategy may be simpler to gauge and evaluate, the social rejection hypothesis by Robert Chambers could give the genuine prosperity of individuals since it incorporates the significant of non-money related components that are critical for the government assistance of individuals.

Capital Punishment4 essays

Capital Punishment4 expositions Ponder the fall into transgression. Consider the individuals in Noahs day. Sodom and Gomorrah. What is the discipline endless supply of them by God? Demise. Capital punishment, or the death penalty, is the first and harshest punishment for transgression. In spite of the fact that it has developed and changed structure over the a long time, and is currently chosen by men playing God, it is as yet a worthy, God satisfying type of discipline. I am going to mention to you what the death penalty is, its history, its present job in the equity of crooks, and why I accept that it satisfies The death penalty, basically, is murdering somebody for a wrongdoing that they have submitted. This wrongdoing is murder. In certain nations and states, it is considered adequate to murder the individual who has ended the life of another. The strategies for execution have fluctuated since the get-go, however three current well known ways incorporate the gas chamber, deadly infusion, and the hot seat. My overhead shows the various ways that states utilized for execution in 1994. In expansion to the three most famous decisions, a hanging and a terminating crew are moreover utilized in a couple of states. As indicated by the book Should We Have Capital Discipline by JoAnn Bren Guernsey, these decisions were made with the objective of a progressively compassionate homicide as a primary concern. The gas chamber is a little, fixed room in which the detainee sits lashed to a seat. A deadly gas is sent through the floor of the room, and demise for the most part takes around five minutes. Deadly infusions just include the addition of a needle loaded up with poison into a vein and infused. This system can be viable, yet additionally takes long measures of time frequently. The hot seat was imagined as an approach to rapidly and easily execute the detainee, yet has demonstrated to not be as compelling as suspected. It has taken up to three 2000 volt stuns to execute somebody, with fire, s ... <! Capital Punishment4 expositions The death penalty is a troublesome issue to address and has been the subject of profoundly dubious discussion for as long as three decades. In 1972, the United States Supreme Court chose in the Furman v. Georgia that capital punishment was a type of merciless and abnormal discipline per the eighth Amendment of the Constitution. In any case, in 1975, the court switched their choice and executions continued under the states management. Texas didn't have another execution until 1982. Starting at July, Texas had 457 prisoners on Death Row. We have 5 executions booked before December 15 and another 5 planned for January 2000. The Death Penalty is considered the harshest from of discipline authorized today. The most well-known structure used to execute this undertaking is Lethal Injection; despite the fact that hanging, electric shock, gas chamber and the terminating crew are additionally endorsed strategies. The large debate of capital punishment is accomplishes it work and is it ethicall y right. Individuals who favor it state that it is the main route for equity to be completed and they think the criminal merits it. Individuals who are against it state that it is improper and had no spot in an acculturated society. The death penalty is advocated by a few methods. Numerous supporters of capital punishment accept that death penalty deflects wrongdoing. I accept that is a bogus presumption. How might you tell if discouragement has happened? You can not. Except if the imminent guilty party reports that the dread of discipline prevent them from carrying out the wrongdoing, you will can't be sure whether it works. Recidivism happens by one who ensures they don't get captured. They design and come up with stories to cause others to accept that they are not fit for crime, particularly murder. Generally the individual who gets captured is somebody who didn't plan to submit murder in any case. Prevention can possibly work when the danger of discipline is joined with the demonstration being accepted as ethically off-base. Without the ... <!

Cramond report Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Cramond report - Coursework Example The conceivable explanation behind this could be differential statement by the shifted sytheses of the shore water. Point Estimate Upper CL Lower CL Salinity East Wednesday 32.4 32.9 31.9 Salinity West Wednesday 21 24.3 17.7 Salinity East Friday 32 33.9 31.1 Salinity West Friday 25.2 28.7 21.7 Based on the idea of silt present countless differed species could be available on either side of the interstate. An investigation of the quantity of species developing at both the destinations on every day was likewise done to additionally improve the evaluation. The east sand and west mud were broke down for macrofauna and lugworms. Macrofauna involve the shallow water networks that live on or in dregs, or joined to hard substrates significantly living in marine, estuarine or freshwater situations. Annelid worms, bivalves, gastropods, scavangers, tunicates, and bug hatchlings are probably the most generally experienced macrofauna in estuarine and waterfront zones. Lugworms are available as lo oped castings on the sea shore during low tides and are in any case once in a while observed as they dive into the sand. East Sand Wednesday West Mud Wednesday East Sand Friday West Mud Friday Shellfish - cockles 6 0 Shellfish - Macoma 0 33 30 11 Shellfish - winkles 0 6 0 1 Crustaceans - Corophium 17 41 0 244 Crustaceans - shrimps 2 20 0 1 Ragworms 21 29 21 56 Sandmason worms 0 26 0 Other polychaete worms 7 5 23 17 Amongst the macrofauna the species considered were Shellfish †cockles, Shellfish †Macoma, Shellfish †winkles, Crustaceans †Corophium, Crustaceans †shrimps, Ragworms, Sandmason worms and some other polychaete worms (information appeared in table 2). Ragworms were the most consistently present living beings on the entire days and in all saltiness conditions showing their vague nature of development. Shellfish †cockles, Sandmason worms and Shellfish †winkles then again had a quite certain nature of plenitude showing their high affectability to even the scarcest change in saltiness conditions. Shellfish †cockles were less inexhaustible (just 6 in number) and discovered distinctly on the East Sand and that excessively just on Wednesday. Sandmason worms developed richly in the East sand on Friday as it were. Shellfish †winkles developed barely on West Mud on Wednesday and scarcely developed on the West Mud on Friday with just 1 living being discovered that day. Shellfish †Macoma were found to develop on both the east sand and west mud and were dependant just on the saltiness conditions present. They had the option to develop on saltiness appraisals of up to 32 as it were. Shellfish †Corophium couldn't endure high saline conditions and they developed on the east sand on Wednesday yet kicked the bucket by the following day. Nonetheless, their development on the west mud was entirely ideal as they became genuinely well on Wednesday and their development expanded exponentially by the next day as they were found to arrive at various 244 from 41 the earlier day. Other polychaete worms like the Ragworms developed on both the spots in the entire days yet their plenitude was most elevated on the east sand on Friday. Lugworms were considered during late as conceivable in the low tide time frame as they are in any case once in a while found on the sea shore. Crude lugworm tallies were rare going from 0-5 as it were. Lugworms were available barely on the west mud on Wednesday however became nil by Friday presumably because of progress in saltiness conditions. Comparable example of wealth was seen on the east mud as

Do You Want to Help Make A Social Issue Project?

Do You Want to Help Make A Social Issue Project?Social issues can be overcome by building a powerful relationship with your local politicians. This is easier than you might think. In fact, it's much easier than you might expect. But you need to put the work in.Many people believe that finding a political office in your area is the best way to help solve social issues. It might be the most logical course of action. You might get to meet and talk to many different politicians, who will listen to your story and offer advice. They will likely give you the time of day. The problem is that this approach only works if you have the right motivation and the right friend.Everyone has different ideas on how to go about this. Some people believe that politics are just for rich people. Some people do not understand why it is that they cannot help people who are less fortunate. Most people do not understand why their local politicians have to be so difficult. The good news is that all of these iss ues can be solved.One method is to get involved in a political office. You do not even have to sign up or take any money to get involved. You can actually campaign for an office, volunteer to do a campaign, or write an op-ed. This type of interaction will allow you to become acquainted with local politicians, and your knowledge and experiences can influence your vote. In some cases, it will be easy for you to convince your own politicians to change their approach. They may even listen to what you have to say.If you want to take things a step further, consider starting a campaign to make something social issue of your own. There are plenty of ways that you can go about this. You could have a club, or become involved in a project that provides education about a social issue. Whatever you choose, you will have an opportunity to talk to and learn from local politicians.Once you have learned a little bit about the issue, talk to other people who have been affected by the issue. Talk to y our friends, read books on the topic and watch documentaries. You will quickly begin to understand the struggle that people have with this issue, and the courage it takes to keep fighting.Your local politician may be willing to change their ways, but they will also see that you have a lot of influence. What more could you ask for? You will also be able to impress local politicians with your ability to talk to them, and bring back good will. You can come away with a better understanding of how this area is evolving, and how you can impact the situation.

Animal Rights Essay - 989 Words

The rights of animals and their role in society is a topic that is constantly considered, but is never known how the problem can be solved. The dictionary definition attempts to explain it with â€Å"the rights of animals, claimed on ethical grounds, to the same humane treatment† (â€Å"Animal Rights†). For animals to have humane treatment, is an endeavor to give them the same rights as humans. People want animals to have rights to make sure that they aren’t abused and mistreated, but having the same amount of rights as humans is just unnecessary. Animals such as pigs, chimps, and cows can’t have the same rights as us because they are NOT us. It does not make sense why we should give human rights those that are not human. However, it would be†¦show more content†¦Cruelty to animals certainly is morally wrong, but we need to just let humans be humans, and animals be animals. We do not need to give them the same responsibilities, and if we did, anot her huge loss would be all the meat that would be taken away from human consumption in our daily lives. What people tend to look over when arguing how much better the world would be without animal consumption, is how much the world actually depends on animals for their economy and way of life. According to NPR, an American privately and publicly funded non-profit membership media organization, â€Å"nearly 30 percent of Earths ice-free surface is devoted to livestock production, while only 8 percent is devoted to crops consumed directly by people†(Gleiser). This 30%, of course, is coming from places like Africa that doesn’t have the farmland that is required for vegetation. Animals are a huge part of how humans live their day-to-day lives, and it would be devastating if that was taken away from us. Animal’s sole purpose has always been to assist animals and help our survival, never to be seen as an equal to us. Morality tends to block out the truth on how much h umans depend on animals because of the fear of how much harm we cause them. However, when it comes to choosing between a human or an animal life, everyone can agree that humans come first, as we are the dominant species. WhenShow MoreRelatedFor Animal Rights Essay965 Words   |  4 PagesFor Animal Rights In this essay I will be discussing the cruel acts of animal torture and testing. Animals have been tortured to death by substances such as drugs, cosmetics, diseases, tobacco, alcohol, detergent and other poisons. Do people have the right to do what ever they like to perfectly healthy animals? Should scientists do tests on animals if no new information is going to be gained? Cosmetic companies use animal tests to protect themselves against possibleRead MoreAnimal Rights Essay886 Words   |  4 PagesAnimal rights - moral or legal entitlements attributed to nonhuman animals, usually because of the complexity of their cognitive, emotional, and social lives or their capacity to experience physical or emotional pain or pleasure. (Britannia encyclopedia online, n.d.). The definition of animal rights is so clear to us. Human rights need to be protected, so do animal rights. In 1976, in New York City, thousands of cat lovers were beaten when they heard a painful test to be taken for pets’ sexualRead More Animal Rights Essay2330 Words   |  10 PagesAnimals and man have shared this planet since humans first appeared on earth. Animals have provided transportation, food, clothing, shelter, companionship and entertainment throughout the ages. Therefore, it is our duty to treat animals with respect, care and kindness and not cause them undue suffering, because they have, in many w ays, made it possible for man to survive on earth. However, because normal adult humans have superior mental abilities in the hierarchical scale in nature, animals haveRead MoreEssay on Animal Rights1148 Words   |  5 Pages For the past 20 years, there has a been an on going heated debate on whether experiments on animals for the benefit of medical and scientific research is ethical. Whether it is or isnt, most people believe that some form of cost-benefit test should be performed to determine if the action is right. The costs include: animal pain, distress and death where the benefits include the collection of new knowledge or the development of new medical therapies for humans. Looking into these different aspectsRead More Animal Rights Essay1300 Words   |  6 Pages Animal Rights nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;quot;Isnt man an amazing animal? He kills wildlife--birds, kangaroos, deer, all kinds of cats, coyotes, groundhogs, mice, foxes and dingoes--by the million in order to protect his domestic animals and their feed. Then he kills domestic animals by the billion and eats them. This in turn kills man by the million, because eating all those animals leads to degenerative--and fatal--health conditions like heart disease, kidney disease, and cancer. So thenRead More For Animal Rights Essay856 Words   |  4 PagesFor Animal Rights Animals are used for a variety of different tests. Human disease cures are always tried on animals first, most make up must perform experiments with the product on animals first, and dogs and pigs are used to practice surgery on for surgeons. It is not fair and humane to conduct experiments on animals to make sure a product or procedure is safe for us to use or endure. There are no legitimate reasons that an animal’s life is worth less than our own. I think that animals shouldRead MoreEssay on Animal Rights1331 Words   |  6 Pages Animal Rights nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Ever since The Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals in England in 1824 was formed there has been long running debates on the topic of animal rights. The first societies were formed to protect and maintain human treatment of work animals, such as cattle, horses and house hold pets. Towards the end of the 19th century more organizations were formed, this time to protest the use of animals in scientific experimentation. In today’s society groupsRead MoreAnimal Rights Essay944 Words   |  4 PagesThe Rights of Animals and the Needs of Human Beings Intro- In â€Å"The Trials of Animals†, Cleveland Amory claims that experimenters have been their own judge and jury for too long and that public oversight is needed when in comes to experiments involving animals (par. 13). While Congress passed the Animal Welfare Act in 1966, with an amendment in 1986 dictating that a member of the â€Å"public vote on the laboratory’s animal–care committee† (par. 2), laboratories where experimentation is done with animalsRead MoreEssay on ANIMAL RIGHTS790 Words   |  4 PagesAnimals have their own rights as do to humans and we should respect that and give them the same respect we give each other. Animals deserve to be given those same basic rights as humans. All humans are considered equal and ethical principles and legal statutes should protect the rights of animals to live according to their own nature and remain free from exploitation. This paper is going to argue that animals deserve to have the same rights as humans and therefore, we don’t have the right to killRead More Animal Rights Essay851 Words   |  4 Pages Animals have been used in medical research for centuries. In a recent count, it was determined that 8,815 animals were being used for research at MSU, 8,503 of them rodents - rats, mice, hamsters and gerbils. There were 18 dogs, three cats and a variety of goats, ferrets, pigeons and rabbits. The struggle against this tyranny is a struggle as important as any of the moral and social issues that have been fought over in recent years.quot; Animal rights are an emotional issue-second only, perhaps

Eating Disorders And Body Dysmorphia Essay - 1125 Words

In our society, there has a been a significant concern of all eating disorders. This is very sensitive subject to majority of people. Everybody should be aware of the issue, it’s an issue that society should be more aware of. Eating disorders can result from genetics, environmental factors, society and social media. In today’s world, unfortunately there is so much social pressure of what beauty is. It is portrayed that being slim is the ideal. In addition, clearly the media has an influence, regardless of the gender, eating disorders and body dysmorphia can happen to both genders. I also learned that family attitudes concerning body shape and eating habits can have a profound effect too. Psychological issues such as depression, anxiety or substance abuse can also be a factor to eating disorder. Teenagers and adults also spend a great deal on social media sites that provide self-comparison of unrealistic expectations and media promotes a weight stigma by stereot yping other body types. In fact, so all this creates a controversial issue in my perspective. Throughout the years there has been a significant increase in eating disorder and body image. There are three types of eating disorders such as, Anorexia Nervosa, Bulimia Nervosa and Binge Eating Disorder. Anorexia Nervosa is a distorted body image that overestimates a personal body fatness. There is a restriction of low body weight, inadequate food intake, an intense fear of gaining weight or becoming fat, aShow MoreRelatedThe Male Struggle with Body Image1632 Words   |  7 Pagespeople tend to focus a lot on females and the problems they have concerning their body image based on popular culture, stereotypes, and other generalizations of how a woman â€Å"should look.† What we do not realize however is that males struggle with their body image as much as females do and are often not recognized in their fight to meet the expectations of society. Males struggle with all kinds of eating and body disorders just as females do and the expectations pushed on them by the media, women, andRead MoreThe Male Struggle with Body Image1583 Words   |  7 Pagespeople tend to f ocus a lot on females and the problems they have concerning their body image based on popular culture, stereotypes, and other generalizations of how a woman â€Å"should look.† What we do not realize however is that males struggle with their body image as much as females do and are often not recognized in their fight to meet the expectations of society. Males struggle with all kinds of eating and body disorders just as females do and the expectations pushed on them by the media, women, andRead MorePsychology Of Bodybuilding And The Bodybuilding Industry Essay887 Words   |  4 Pagesthat weight you want to be at? You wouldn’t think psychology would be in the Bodybuilding industry but there are a lot of different disorders that come with this hobby. Many examples of disorders are eating disorders, such as binge eating, Bulimia Nervosa, another psychological characteristic is â€Å"Bigorexia† also known as Muscle Dysmorphia. Muscle Dysmorphia is when so called BodyBuilders aren’t pleased with the way they look, they to seek different ways to get bigger or smaller. Most turnRead MoreThe Effects Of Muscular Dysmorphia On Adolescents1844 Words   |  8 PagesMuscular Dysmorphia in Adolescents Body image disorders which can be very serious severe conditions are often considered to mostly affect women, men, however can also suffer from Body image issues. In men, a body image disorder typically presents itself as Muscular Dysmorphia. Men who are suffering from Muscular Dysmorphia often resort to hazardous ways to gain more muscle, such as over-exercising unhealthy amounts and steroids. Treatment for Muscular Dysmorphia frequently includes prescription anti-depressantsRead MoreThe Problem Of Eating Disorders Essay1626 Words   |  7 PagesEating disorders are diseases in which people have an unhealthy relationship with their food, and negative image reflecting how their body looks, such as, the fear of gaining weight. This type of body dysmorphia can lead to damaging eating habits, such as; starvation, purging, and even binging. Furthermore, there are numerous eating disorders recognized today, the most common being binge disorder, causing the affected person to eat far too much and experience pain, discomfort, and irritable bowelRead MoreThe Feeding An Eating Disorder829 Words   |  4 Pages The feeding an eating disorder chapter in â€Å"Adult Psychopathology and Diagnosis†, was a helpful educational component for my overall knowledge and comprehension of how to properly diagnosis the three major eating and feeding disorders: Binge Eating Disorder, Anorexia Nervosa, and Bulimia Nervosa. Reading the text was helpful to my understanding of the material, but the videos and articles projected more distinct content that I would not have been able to completely understand just by reading theRead MoreSociocultural Theory Essay1633 Words   |  7 Pageslens of sociocultural theory, I will analyze how body dysmorphia has influenced three generations of women within my family. To aide my analysis, I will define and employ terms such as sociocultural theory, body image, and body dysmorphia to connect my family’s historical roots to body image and how it relates to their current perceptions and behaviors. Finally, I will utilize my grandmother’s, mother’s, and sister’s personal accounts of how body image was communicated to them, compare and relateRead MoreMedia s Portrayal Of Women1190 Words   |  5 PagesIn a society obsessed with appearance and numb to sexism, it comes as no surprise that women are expressing hate for their bodies more than ever before. Mass media’s portrayal of women is one of unattainable perfection— most models are stick thin with flawless complexions and pearl-white smiles. Consumers are bombarded with images of women being displayed as sex objects, valued for their physical appearance above all else. The evasiveness of media has led women to believe they must resemble the modelsRead MoreBody Stereotyping Within The Media1342 Words   |  6 Pages101 Mrs. Ball Senior Research Paper Body Stereotyping within the Media â€Å"Of course you could stand to lose a few pounds.† This was said by an individual struggling with bulimia. The public is presented with thin, tall, muscular, and perfectly fit people in the media such as magazines or television shows, making people with a more natural body image feel insecure and unpleased with their body type. The media is promoting body stereotypes and it is negatively affecting the publicRead MoreAnnotated Bibliography On Eating And Eating Habits Essay1195 Words   |  5 Pagesfollow up with and eating disorder examination. The results showed that those who ate in the evenings had a decrease in binge eating and purging. This article was beautifully written and contained plenty of research to back their findings. Chat Group Therapy For Bulimia Nervosa This article is about the effects of therapy on patients that have Bulimia and are going through Bulimia abstinence. The study was done on about 150 patients to see if there where similarities in purging and eating habits. The study

Business Etiquette in Japan Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Business Etiquette in Japan. Answer: Business etiquette in Japan The Japanese monarchy is considered as the oldest monarchy in the world which justifies the stringent customs and traditions that prevails in the Japanese society. The Japanese culture is a group culture where they perceive the welfare of the society as its primary goal. The practice of harmony is observed as an effective means to promote welfare of the society. The group culture is the primary source of promoting harmony among the group and the welfare of the group prevail over the welfare of an individual, hence, before taking any decision it is important that everybodys opinion is considered (Sato et al., 2015). Although it may seem to be next to impossible at several places, in Japan it is an age old tradition that must be performed owing to the homogeneity factor in the population. The Japanese likes to work with flexibility and usually feel reluctant to accept deadlines unless they are sure that they can complete the assignment under the given circumstances. However, in the mul ticultural workplace, doing business in a global economy it is obvious that cultural barriers to communication are bound to arise. However, this essay outlines the ways to overcome these cultural differences and respect the diverse cultures and establish an effective business relationship. Japan as a country values social conduct to such an extent that proper behavioral conduct has become the paramount law of the land. It is important to comprehend that cultural norms differ from one culture to another. The business etiquettes in Japan demonstrates their loyalty towards the organization and the members as well; dedication, consistency and promotion of harmony and welfare (Rothlin McCann, 2016). The members of the Japanese organization are loyal towards their organization and co-workers and if necessary they go beyond their job descriptions to help the company and the members as they value the welfare of the group over individual welfare. The Japanese people are dedicated to the company to such an extent that in case of any conflict between their duties towards the company and family, they usually give first priority to their duties towards the company. The Japanese are very consistent about their duties and acts and they must consider all options. They usually do not leave out any details and are known to be low risk takers which are an essential quality that is required in the contemporary work environment. The Japanese culture is a group culture where they aim at promoting welfare of the society and promote harmony as a means to achieve the welfare of the society. Furthermore, the Japanese regard silent communication as a matter of great importance and unlike western countries, silent communication is possible in Japan owing to the presence of homogeneity in the country. According to the business culture in Japan, speaking too much implies a sign of immaturity or absence of ideas. On the other hand, silent signifies understanding by using mere words or through body language that aims at surpassing words and provides a clearer picture. This kind of indirect communication signifies harmony and provides an opportunity to the other party to accept the results and save face in case of a failure. The Japanese considers themselves guilty when they fail to act or behave in a manner as expected from the other party. They do not like to bring in any change or chaos in their traditions that would disrupt the harmony (Tanaka Kleiner, 2015). In the given case scenario, at the beginning of the first or initial meeting, it is imperative the Emily must take in to consideration of the fact that the business culture in Japan is very formal. She must follow these business etiquettes in order to conduct business with the Japanese. Firstly, She must address Mr. Hamasaki by Mr. followed by his surnames and must not use the first name. Secondly, she must use the professional cards (meishi) which is a vital business etiquette observed in Japan. These cards are exchanged in the beginning of the meeting and must not be put away before the meeting ends and the cards must not have anything written on it otherwise it would be misinterpreted to be an impolite gesture. Emily should provide gifts to the Mr. Hamasaki after a business relationship is established between them as Japan is a country that is expert in endowing its business delegates with company gifts and it is almost mandatory to exchange gifts twice a year. Thirdly, since the Japanese upholds harmony as a valuable aspect of their business culture, they tend to give more importance to the organization and its members (Mukherjee Ramos-Salazar, 2014). Emily must consider the fact that while discussing about her food project she must explain how the project is going to promote welfare of the society and how the business activities shall maintain harmony within the organization, thus, benefitting both the organization and the society. Fourthly, Emily must consider that in a business setting in a country like Japan, silent communication is given more preference compared to overabundance of talking. Silence is often linked to credibility and a more formal approach, in the beginning of a meeting is more preferable and is likely to be received better when conducting business with Japan. Lastly, Emily must have regard to the fact that Japanese usually value group solidarity over individualism. Unlike the western countries, where individual recognition and contributions are valued, the Japanese gives more importance to the team concept and values praises and achievements of the entire group (Polleri, 2017). Potential Cross-Cultural Miscommunications Cross-cultural communication refers to the communication with respect to two distinct cultures. In business, cross-cultural communications play a significant role in conducting business with other individuals or teams in different areas of the globe. However, miscommunication could often lead to broken relations with partners, employees, customers, etc. In the given scenario, a common cross cultural barrier in the business communication is language. Emily is Australian and Mr. Hamasaki is Japanese and both belong to different cultural backgrounds. the cultural dimension model of Dr. Hofstede is considered as an internationally recognized standard for comprehending the cultural differences. Since cultural norms play a significant role in maintaining interpersonal relationships at work, it is pertinent for Emily to assess her decisions, actions and approach based on Hofstedes cultural dimension to avoid making mistakes and demonstrates the much needed confidence (Nelson Matthews, 2017 ). Under the given scenario, Emily may follow the cultural dimension pertaining to Masculinity versus Femininity (MAS) as the gap between men and women values is the greatest tin Japan. This approach refers to the distribution of roles between the women and men. In masculine societies there is less overlapping with respect to the roles of men and women and the men are expected to behave positively. In feminine societies, the overlapping is more and modesty is observed as a virtue. The maintenance of good relationships with direct supervisors is of greater importance. Emily must consider the fact that in order to open office in Japan, she would have to operate in a hierarchical, traditionally patriarchal and deferential society where long hours is embedded in its business tradition which might cause inconvenience for female team members owing to their family commitments (Kinloch Metge, 2014). Cultural differences are often considered as a nuisance at best and may often cause disaster. Despite the difference in culture, it is believed that all people are the same and instead of understanding, respecting and accepting the cultural differences, people strive to reduce the cultural differences which cause misinterpretations and misunderstandings between people from different countries. This often led to breakage of relations between the business partners, customers, employees etc. Cross-cultural communications requires both the parties who intends to conduct international business with each other, must possess sufficient knowledge about the cultural differences as what may be considered as acceptable in one country may not be acceptable in other countries (Chen, 2017). Every culture has distinct business ethics, distinct set of values and accepted behavior and different facial gestures ad expressions. It is pertinent to understand the cultural differences and demonstrate respect for the culture while communicating with the professionals from different cultures. In this given scenario, Emily must possess knowledge about the business etiquettes and work culture of the Japanese people and must portray respect for the culture while communicating with Mr. Hamasaki about her food project. She must avoid overabundance talking with Mr. Hamasaki and must maintain an impassive expression while communicating with Mr. Hamsaki as he would prefer to rely more on the facial expression, posture, tone of voice compared to verbal messages (De Mooij, 2015). It is recommended to Emily that she displays correct amount of deference and respect to someone based upon the status of Mr. Hamasaki instead of her own. While foreigners usually shake hands when they meet, but Japan being a traditional country bows when they meet as it displays a traditional form of greeting. Emily must have regard to the fact that the Japanese value traditions greater than any other place in the world. She must present her ideas about the food business keeping in mind that Japanese perceives meetings as a means to obtain and collect information rather than a decision making activity and would take a lot of time to plan and decide its business activities. Therefore, Emily must ensure that she accepts and respects the culture and business traditions followed in Japan while expressing her ideas and work culture to him with a view to establish a stable and good business relationship with Mr. Hamasaki. References Sato, Y., Nakatake, M., Satake, Y., Hug, J. (2015). About the Changing Roles of Foreign Language Teaching/Learning in the Context of Globalization in Japan. Rothlin, S., McCann, D. (2016). The Social Environment: Business Etiquette and Cultural Sensitivity. InInternational Business Ethics(pp. 321-340). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Tanaka, A., Kleiner, B. (2015). Cross-Cultural Business Etiquette.Culture Religion Review Journal,2015(1). Mukherjee, S., Ramos-Salazar, L. (2014). " Excuse Us, Your Manners Are Missing!" The Role of Business Etiquette in Today's Era of Cross-Cultural Communication.TSM Business Review,2(1), 18. Polleri, M. (2017). EXCHANGING BUSINESS CARDS IN JAPAN: Oh! So you are an.Anthropology Today,33(3), 23-24. 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